external image org_history_rachel_carson.jpg
external image org_history_rachel_carson.jpg

external image Silent_Spring.jpg
external image Silent_Spring.jpg

Silent Spring


CHAPTER 1
  • Carson begins with a fable about a rural town ravished by irresponsible pesticide use.
    • What does Carson hope to accomplish in this opening chapter?
    • How effective is it?
    • Is her story believable?

CHAPTER 2
  • According to Carson, how are humans unique?
  • How has their ability to alter the environment transformed since World War II?
  • Why is she so concerned about the accelerated pace of this change, and what examples does she provide?
  • What are the results of these changes?
  • What term does she propose to describe the effects of the new generation of pesticides?
  • What does she see as the "central problem[s] of our age?"
  • What is the fundamental irony of the introduction of new pesticides designed to increase agricultural production?
  • Does she completely reject the idea of controlling insects?
  • What is the first specific pollutant Carson mentions by name in Silent Spring (hint: see page 6)?
  • According to Carson, why has the need for insect control increased?
  • Who has most vigorously promoted the vision of a "chemically sterile, insect-free world"?
  • Does Carson reject the idea of using chemical insecticides?
  • What do you think about Carson's idea that Americans should have a fundamental right not to be exposed to poisons distributed either by private individuals or by public officials?

CHAPTER 3

  • What is unique about the modern age?
  • How pervasive are the new synthetic pesticides?
  • What event is linked with the sudden growth of the synthetic pesticide industry?
  • What is different about synthetic (as compared to previous) pesticides?
  • How has the rate of pesticide production changed since the end of World War II?
  • What was the most common pesticide prior to 1945? What are its effects?
  • According to Carson, modern pesticides are much more deadly than their predecessors. What are the two major kinds of synthetic pesticides?
  • What is common to both?
  • The pesticide that Carson spends the most time discussing is DDT.
    • Where did it come from?
    • Why was it considered safe?
    • What happens to DDT when it enters the body?
    • Carson claims that DDT, like other persistent pesticides, concentrates up the food chain (i.e., "bioconcentrates"). What does this mean?
    • What are some of the other synthetic pesticides that Carson singles out for discussion?
    • How toxic are they?
    • Which is the most toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbons?
    • For what purpose were organic phosphates originally developed in the late 1930s?
    • What effects do these substances have on living organisms?
    • What are some examples of commonly used organic phosphates?
    • What happens when one or more of these pesticides are used (or ingested) together?
    • What are systemics?
    • According to Carson, do herbicides also present a threat?

Chaper 4: Surface Waters and Underground Seas


"It is not possible to add pesticides to water anywhere without threatening the purity of water everywhere."

  • What are some of the ways in which pollution enters waterways and what are some of the major risks?

  • What is the "gunk" that is referred to on page 40 and why is it a problem?

  • Explain the significance of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service report released in 1960.

  • How do chemical levels build up in ecosystems?